Objective To analyze the species composition, spatial distribution, and Yersinia pestis infection status of fleas in the plague foci of Meriones unguiculatus in Ordos of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (Inner Mongolia), China, so as to provide a basis for local plague prevention and control. Methods The surveillance data of rodent body fleas were collected in five banners/districts of the M. unguiculatus plague foci in Ordos in Inner Mongolia from 2014 to 2022. Excel 2019 was used for data processing, and ArcGIS 10.5 was used for mapping. The species, numbers, and Y. pestis infection status of fleas in different years and different regions were analyzed. Results A total of 17 010 fleas belong to 14 species in 9 genera under 4 families were collected. The annual numbers of flea species collected ranged from 4 to 11, with a mean number of 8.30 species per year. The annual numbers of fleas collected ranged from 563 to 3 158, with a mean number of 1 890 fleas per year. The dominant flea species were Xenopsylla conformis conformis and Nosopsyllus laeviceps. The mean annual flea infestation rate of M. unguiculatus was 33.48%, with a flea index of 0.92. The flea index was highest in Hangjin Banner and lowest in Wushen Banner. There were four years during which a total of 19 strains of Y. pestis were isolated from 125 fleas of three species in two banners/districts. Conclusion In recent years, there have been outbreaks of animal plague in the plague foci of M. unguiculatus in Ordos, especially in Otog Banner, Otog Front Banner, and Hangjin Banner, with a high risk of transmission via bites from infected fleas to humans.

Objective To study the epidemic features of chikungunya fever outbreak in Quzhou and to explore the effective prevention and control strategies for this disease in the future. Methods All probable cases were chosen by epidemiological individual survey. Dengue and chikungunya virus nucleic acid testing were conducted by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in individual survey. Results Among all samples tested 4 cases were positive for Chikungunya virus. One of the detected cases had a history of travel to Bangladesh. The remaining 3 local cases lived with the first confirmed case in the save village and had no travel record. The epidemic was efficiently controlled by case finding, mosquito eradication and ecological improvement, etc. Conclusion These are the first autochthonous cases reported that was caused by imported chikungunya fever in Zhejiang province. Enhanced entry-exit quarantine, case follow-up in clinical facilities, and vector surveillance are crucial for preventing epidemic of chikungunya.

Fleas are an important vector, and the Xenopsylla genus plays an important role in the spread of plague in China. This study describes the defining characteristics, geographical distribution, plague host and association of seven Xenopsylla species, providing the basis for the research and development of control strategies regarding the Xenopsylla genus.

【Abstract】 Objective To observe the life cycle of  Monopsyllus anisus (Rothschild, 1907) in the laboratory.  Methods M.anisus （6♂♂, 7♀♀） collected from  Rattus  norvegecus in Urumqi were fed with rats, at 24-26 ℃ and RH 80%-90%. The life cycle of fleas was observed by two methods such as common breeding and culture plate rearing. Results The life cycle from parent oviposition to the oviposition of filial generation adults was 20-25 d, including 4 d of egg stage, 8-10 d of larva stage, 5-8 d of pupa stage and pregnancy 3 d.  Conclusion The life cycle of M.anisus was within 20-25 d in the laboratory, which was similar to the report before.

Objective Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP) assay was applied to molecular typing of resistance-associated esterase genes of Culex pipiens complex.Methods The primers specific to the conserved region of resistance-associated esterase genes of C.pipiens were designed.The genomic DNA was extracted from single mosquito.PCR-RFLP were used in molecular typing of resistance-associated esterase genes.Results Csp6Ⅰ digestion pattern of five fragments(70 bp,89 bp,147 bp,198 bp,347 bp) was noted for homozygous resistance-associated esterase-β1 ¹,and the pattern of four fragments(60 bp,147 bp,207 bp,437 bp) was noted for homozygous resistance-associated esterase-β2,and the patterm of five fragments was noted for heterozygous Est-β1 ¹/Est-β2,and the pattern of three fragments(147 bp,207 bp,506 bp) was noted for homozygous Est-βN.Conclusion PCR-RFLP is an effective,specific method for molecular typing of resistance-associated esterase genes of C.pipiens complex.

Objective To grasp community constitution and the distribution pattern of ticks in the Tarim Basin.Methods According to the geographical division and habitat type the survey site was selected,the species and quantity of ticks were investigated.With the technique and method of community ecology,the community constitution of ticks in different environments were calculated.Results There were total 9 species of 5 genera of ticks captured in the Basin. Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum and Hyalomma asiaticum kozlovi were the dominant species in the area,accounting for(35.8%) and(33.6%),respectively.The community constitution of ticks was different in different areas and environments.In Yarkant River valley and middle and upper reaches of northern Tarim River,the tick was rich in species,and there were total 8 species of 5 genera of ticks captured in this area.The index of free ticks 30.47 was lower than that in southern(84.30) and eastern Tarim(85.31),but the index of parasitic ticks was higher(15.19),while the latters were(10.10) and(10.85),respectively. Hyalomma asiaticum kozlovi was the dominant species of Hyalomma,it was(92.0%),and with less proportion of Hyalomma asiaticum((5.8%)).As for the parasitic tick, Rhipicephalus turanicus was the dominant species,but less than that in southern and eastern Tarim,accounting for(55.8%),(65.8%) and(74.7%),respectivelty and Rhipicephalus sanguineus accounted for little part,and was(0.2%).In the southern Tarim Basin the community constitution of ticks was identical to that in the eastern Basin,but the species was less than that in the northwest,there were 5 species of 2 genera.The index of free ticks was obviously higher than that in the northwest and with lower index of parasitic ticks.Of the free tick, Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum was the dominant species in the southern part while Hyalomma asiaticum kozlovi was the dominant species in the eastern part.Both of them accounted for about 66.9% and about 25% was overlapped. Among the parasitic ticks, Rhipicephalus turanicus was the dominant species and its proportion was higher than that in the northwest.The proportion of Rhipicephalus sanguineus reached about 10%,which was identical to Dermacentor niveus.It was about 20 times higher than that in the northwest.Conclusion The geographical fauna of ticks in Tarim Basin was consistent in macrocosm on the whole,but there is much different in communities structure of ticks in various geographical landscape and ecological environment.

Objective To grasp the community composition,structure and classification of ectoparasites on rodents in the Tarim Basin. Methods According to geographical division and habitat type the survey sites were selected,rodents were captured by quadrat and their ectoparasites were collected and identified separately. With the method of community ecology,the community constitution and structure parameter of all fleas on the rodents were calculated. The community of ectoparasites on the rodent in the area was classified by way of cluster analysis. Results There were total 351 rodents of 7 species captured in the Basin. And 683 parasitic fleas of 10 species,321 ticks of 3 species,621 mites and 29 lice were obtained. All of that constructed 7 flea-communities of rodents. The flea index,richness and diversity of parasitic fleas of Meriones meridianus were high,which played active role in the constitution and stability of ectoparasite community on rodents in the area. There was complementarity between the ectoparasite community of Salpingotus kozlovi and Meriones meridianus. It was important to keep the community structure of fleas in the Tarim Basin. Conclusion By cluster analysis,the ectoparasite community of 7 kinds of rodents in the Tarim Basin can be divided into 4 types: (1) Ectoparasite community of Brachiones, Apodemus sylvaticus, Cricetulus migratorius and Mus musculus. (2) Ectoparasite community of Salpingotus kozlovi. (3) Ectoparasite community of Euchoreutes naso. (4) Ectoparasite community of Meriones meridianus.